NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Carbon offsets are a mechanism that allows individuals, businesses, and governments to reduce their carbon footprint by investing in projects or activities that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The idea behind carbon offsets is that if an entity cannot reduce their emissions directly, they can compensate for their emissions by supporting projects that prevent or reduce GHG emissions in other parts of the world.

Energy transition refers to the global shift from using fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources to clean, renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. The goal of the energy transition is to reduce the environmental impact of energy production and consumption and increase energy security and affordability.

The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) drives ambitious climate action in the private sector by enabling companies to set science-based emissions reduction targets.

17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is the most comprehensive international instrument on the rights of Indigenous peoples. It establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the indigenous peoples' survival, dignity, and well-being. It also elaborates on existing human rights standards and fundamental freedoms as they apply to the specific situation of indigenous peoples.

Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in a way that is sustainable over the long term.

There is a spectrum of investment, from pure financial investing to philanthropy. ESG investing (stakeholder capitalism) includes metrics beyond pure financial criteria.